Apelin Pancreas Signaling Pathway
The apelin gene is X-linked and is synthesized as a 77 amino acid pre-pro-peptide that is cleaved post-translationally to generate several active forms whose lengths range from 36 to 12 amino acids. These isoforms possess similar functions but display different tissue distribution, potency and receptor binding affinity. Apelin acts as a ligand for the APJ receptor (angiotensin II receptor like-1, AT-1), which is coupled to pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G proteins. The apelin/APJ system plays important and various roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of many organs, including regulation of blood pressure, angiogenesis, cardiac contractility, metabolic balance, cell proliferation and apoptosis. It is noteworthy that the APJ receptor is also activated by APELA, a distinct peptide hormone with significant effects on cardiac development...
Pathway Summary
The apelin gene is X-linked and is synthesized as a 77 amino acid pre-pro-peptide that is cleaved post-translationally to generate several active forms whose lengths range from 36 to 12 amino acids. These isoforms possess similar functions but display different tissue distribution, potency and receptor binding affinity. Apelin acts as a ligand for the APJ receptor (angiotensin II receptor like-1, AT-1), which is coupled to pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G proteins. The apelin/APJ system plays important and various roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of many organs, including regulation of blood pressure, angiogenesis, cardiac contractility, metabolic balance, cell proliferation and apoptosis. It is noteworthy that the APJ receptor is also activated by APELA, a distinct peptide hormone with significant effects on cardiac development.Apelin is an adipocytokine secreted by adipocytes that tends to counteract diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications. It is also generated by the pancreas itself in response to injury, and reduces the damaging inflammatory responses of pancreatitis.The main effect of apelin on pancreas is inhibition of insulin secretion through AMPK activation and downregulation of cAMP. Long-term apelin treatment significantly ameliorates diabetes-induced reduction in pancreatic islet mass by decreasing endoplasmic reticulum stress through upregulation of ERN1-JNK/EIF2AK3-DDIT3 signaling.
Apelin Pancreas Signaling Pathway Genes list
Explore Genes related to Apelin Pancreas Signaling Pathway
APLNapelin APLNRapelin receptor CAMPcathelicidin antimicrobial peptide DDIT3DNA damage inducible transcript 3 EIF2AK3eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 ERN1endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 INSinsulin MAP2K4mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 MAPK10mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 MAPK12mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 MAPK8mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 MAPK9mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 NFKB1nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 NFKB2nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2 PDE3Bphosphodiesterase 3B PIK3C2Aphosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 2 alpha PIK3C2Bphosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 2 beta PIK3C2Gphosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 2 gamma PIK3C3phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 PIK3CAphosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha PIK3CBphosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta PIK3CDphosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta PIK3CGphosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma PIK3R1phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 PIK3R2phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 PIK3R3phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 PIK3R4phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 PIK3R5phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 PIK3R6phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 PRKAA1protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1 PRKAA2protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2 PRKAB1protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1 PRKAB2protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 2 PRKACAprotein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha PRKACBprotein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit beta PRKACGprotein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit gamma PRKAG1protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 1 PRKAG2protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 2 PRKAG3protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 3 PRKAR1Aprotein kinase cAMP-dependent type I regulatory subunit alpha PRKAR1Bprotein kinase cAMP-dependent type I regulatory subunit beta PRKAR2Aprotein kinase cAMP-dependent type II regulatory subunit alpha PRKAR2Bprotein kinase cAMP-dependent type II regulatory subunit beta RELREL proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit RELARELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit RELBRELB proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit