GHRL Gene Summary [Human]
This gene encodes the ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein that is cleaved to yield two peptides, ghrelin and obestatin. Ghrelin is a powerful appetite stimulant and plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Its secretion is initiated when the stomach is empty, whereupon it binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in the hypothalamus which results in the secretion of growth hormone (somatotropin). Ghrelin is thought to regulate multiple activities, including hunger, reward perception via the mesolimbic pathway, gastric acid secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and pancreatic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. It was initially proposed that obestatin plays an opposing role to ghrelin by promoting satiety and thus decreasing food intake, but this action is still debated. Recent reports suggest multiple metabolic roles for obestatin, including regulating adipocyte function and glucose metabolism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. In addition, antisense transcripts for this gene have been identified and may potentially regulate ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein expression. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]
Details
| Type | Protein Coding |
| Official Symbol | GHRL |
| Official Name | ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide [Source:HGNC Symbol;Acc:HGNC:18129] |
| Ensembl ID | ENSG00000157017 |
| Bio databases IDs | |
| Aliases | ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide, prepro-appetite regulatory hormone |
| Synonyms | 2210006E23Rik, des-octanoyl ghrelin, Ghr, GHRELIN, ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide, m46, MTLRP, MTLRPAP, OBESTATIN |
| Species | Human, Homo sapiens |
| Orthologies |
Protein Domains
A protein domain is a distinct structural or functional region within a protein that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain. These domains in human GHRL often fold into stable, three-dimensional structures and are associated with specific biological functions, such as binding to DNA, other proteins, or small molecules.
- growth hormone-releasing hormone
- Motilin/ghrelin-associated peptide
- G-protein-coupled receptor binding
- hormone
- protein binding
- growth factor
- protein tyrosine kinase activator
- Motilin/ghrelin
Pathways
Biological processes and signaling networks where the GHRL gene in human plays a role, providing insight into its function and relevance in health or disease.
Top Findings
The most significant associations for this gene, including commonly observed domains, pathway involvement, and functional highlights based on current data.
disease
- gastric adenocarcinoma
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- insulin resistance
- weight gain
- neoplasia
- cancer
- end stage renal disease
- adenoma formation
- prostate cancer
- breast cancer
regulated by
- nitric oxide
- prexasertib
- Exendin4
- TNF
- nicotine
- palmitic acid
- lipopolysaccharide
- sodium fluoride
- dopamine
- insulin
role in cell
- expression in
- proliferation
- transmembrane potential
- synthesis in
- apoptosis
- cell viability
- production in
- activation in
- cellular infiltration by
- quantity
Subcellular Expression
Locations within the cell where the protein is known or predicted to be active, providing insight into its function and cellular context.
- Extracellular Space
- glutaminergic synapse
- secretory granule lumen
- Cytoplasm
- Golgi Apparatus
- basal cytoplasm
- endoplasmic reticulum lumen
- dense granule
- synapse
- perikaryon
- axons
- plasma
Gene Ontology Annotations
Describes the biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions associated with the human GHRL gene, providing context for its role in the cell.
Biological Process
Functions and activities the gene product is involved in
- negative regulation of angiogenesis
- regulation of response to food
- positive regulation of growth hormone secretion
- response to estrogen stimulus
- negative regulation of locomotion
- positive regulation of growth rate
- negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
- cortisol secretion
- decidualization
- negative regulation of insulin secretion
- adult feeding behavior
- glucose metabolic process
- positive regulation of multicellular organism growth
- hormone-mediated signaling pathway
- positive regulation of cortisol secretion
- positive regulation of corticotropin secretion
- regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
- positive regulation of appetite
- positive regulation of insulin secretion
- positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus
- response to electrical stimulus
- positive regulation of synapse assembly
- negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
- dendrite development
- regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential
- positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway
- G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
- actin polymerization or depolymerization
- negative regulation of inflammatory response
- positive regulation of MAPK cascade
- negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
- response to hormone stimulus
- regulation of cell proliferation
- elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration
- gastric acid secretion
- negative regulation of interleukin-6 production
- positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
- synapse assembly
- negative regulation of apoptotic process
- growth hormone secretion
- negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
- cartilage development
Cellular Component
Where in the cell the gene product is active
- endoplasmic reticulum lumen
- extracellular space
- secretory granule lumen
- extracellular region
- axon
Molecular Function
What the gene product does at the molecular level
- G-protein coupled receptor binding
- protein binding
- ghrelin receptor binding
- growth hormone-releasing hormone activity
- protein tyrosine kinase activator activity