Apelin Muscle Signaling Pathway
The apelin gene is X-linked and is synthesized as a 77 amino acid pre-pro-peptide that is cleaved post-translationally to generate several active forms whose lengths range from 36 to 12 amino acids. These isoforms possess similar functions but display different tissue distribution, potency and receptor binding affinity. Apelin acts as a ligand for the APJ receptor (angiotensin II receptor like-1, AT-1), which is coupled to pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G proteins. The apelin/APJ system plays important and various roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of many organs, including regulation of blood pressure, angiogenesis, cardiac contractility, metabolic balance, cell proliferation and apoptosis. It is noteworthy that the APJ receptor is also activated by APELA, a distinct peptide hormone with significant effects on cardiac development...
Pathway Summary
The apelin gene is X-linked and is synthesized as a 77 amino acid pre-pro-peptide that is cleaved post-translationally to generate several active forms whose lengths range from 36 to 12 amino acids. These isoforms possess similar functions but display different tissue distribution, potency and receptor binding affinity. Apelin acts as a ligand for the APJ receptor (angiotensin II receptor like-1, AT-1), which is coupled to pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G proteins. The apelin/APJ system plays important and various roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of many organs, including regulation of blood pressure, angiogenesis, cardiac contractility, metabolic balance, cell proliferation and apoptosis. It is noteworthy that the APJ receptor is also activated by APELA, a distinct peptide hormone with significant effects on cardiac development.At muscle cells, apelin raises mitochondrial biogenesis, reduces free fatty acids, and increases glucose utilization, with positive effects on diabetes-related conditions. Signaling is known to go through AKT, AMPK, and nitric oxide, but their relative importance and relationships are as yet unclear.
Apelin Muscle Signaling Pathway Genes list
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AKT1AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 AKT2AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 AKT3AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 APLNapelin APLNRapelin receptor GNA11G protein subunit alpha 11 GNA12G protein subunit alpha 12 GNA13G protein subunit alpha 13 GNA14G protein subunit alpha 14 GNA15G protein subunit alpha 15 GNAI1G protein subunit alpha i1 GNAI2G protein subunit alpha i2 GNAI3G protein subunit alpha i3 GNALG protein subunit alpha L GNAO1G protein subunit alpha o1 GNAQG protein subunit alpha q GNASGNAS complex locus GNAT1G protein subunit alpha transducin 1 GNAT2G protein subunit alpha transducin 2 GNAZG protein subunit alpha z GNB1G protein subunit beta 1 GNB1LG protein subunit beta 1 like GNB2G protein subunit beta 2 GNB3G protein subunit beta 3 GNB4G protein subunit beta 4 GNB5G protein subunit beta 5 GNG10G protein subunit gamma 10 GNG11G protein subunit gamma 11 GNG12G protein subunit gamma 12 GNG13G protein subunit gamma 13 GNG2G protein subunit gamma 2 GNG3G protein subunit gamma 3 GNG4G protein subunit gamma 4 GNG5G protein subunit gamma 5 GNG7G protein subunit gamma 7 MRASmuscle RAS oncogene homolog NOS3nitric oxide synthase 3 NRF1nuclear respiratory factor 1 PPARGC1APPARG coactivator 1 alpha PRKAA1protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1 PRKAA2protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2 PRKAB1protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1 PRKAB2protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 2 PRKAG1protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 1 PRKAG2protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 2 PRKAG3protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 3 SLC2A4solute carrier family 2 member 4 TFAMtranscription factor A, mitochondrial
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