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Directional information is provided to migrating neurons and growth cones in the form of extracellular cues, whose presence, absence, or concentration differential is transduced into cytoskeletal changes that affect motility. Among the best-characterized secreted guidance cues are the netrins, semaphorins, ephrins and slit protein families. Several of these factors are bifunctional, producing positive growth and guidance effects on some growth cone populations and negative effects on others....