Role of PKR in Interferon Induction and Antiviral Response
Protein kinase receptor (PKR) belongs to a family of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). It can be induced by interferons (IFNs) as well as dsRNA from viral sources. It is a cytoplasmic kinase that responds to viral and IFN triggers mainly by apoptosis of the host cell or by inhibition of translation, affecting both viral and cellular mRNA. Protein synthesis is inhibited by phosphorylating the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Apoptosis can be activated via death receptor pathways involving FADD and the caspases, as well as by direct phosphorylation of p53...
Pathway Summary
Protein kinase receptor (PKR) belongs to a family of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). It can be induced by interferons (IFNs) as well as dsRNA from viral sources. It is a cytoplasmic kinase that responds to viral and IFN triggers mainly by apoptosis of the host cell or by inhibition of translation, affecting both viral and cellular mRNA. Protein synthesis is inhibited by phosphorylating the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Apoptosis can be activated via death receptor pathways involving FADD and the caspases, as well as by direct phosphorylation of p53. Much of PKR signal transduction, however, occurs via NF-κB and MAPK pathways, which trigger various antiviral effects especially the production of type I IFNs and increased expression of pro-apoptotic factors. (Upgraded 01/2020)
Role of PKR in Interferon Induction and Antiviral Response Genes list
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APAF1apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 ATF2activating transcription factor 2 ATF3activating transcription factor 3 BAXBCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator BIDBH3 interacting domain death agonist CASP1caspase 1 CASP3caspase 3 CASP5caspase 5 CASP8caspase 8 CASP9caspase 9 CHUKcomponent of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase complex CYC1cytochrome c1 CYCScytochrome c, somatic DNAJC3DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C3 E2F1E2F transcription factor 1 EIF2AK2eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2 EIF2S1eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha ELP1elongator acetyltransferase complex subunit 1 FADDFas associated via death domain FANCCFA complementation group C FASFas cell surface death receptor FASLGFas ligand FCGR1AFc fragment of IgG receptor Ia FOSFos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit HMGB1high mobility group box 1 HSP90AA1heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 HSP90AB1heat shock protein 90 alpha family class B member 1 HSP90B1heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 HSPA14heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 14 HSPA1Bheat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B HSPA1Lheat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1 like HSPA2heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 2 HSPA4heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 4 HSPA5heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5 HSPA6heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 6 HSPA8heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8 HSPA9heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 9 HSPH1heat shock protein family H (Hsp110) member 1 IFIH1interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 IFNA1interferon alpha 1 IFNA14interferon alpha 14 IFNA21interferon alpha 21 IFNA4interferon alpha 4 IFNA8interferon alpha 8 IFNAR1interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 1 IFNAR2interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 2 IFNB1interferon beta 1 IFNGinterferon gamma IFNGR1interferon gamma receptor 1 IFNGR2interferon gamma receptor 2 IFNKinterferon kappa IFNW1interferon omega 1 IKBKBinhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta IKBKEinhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit epsilon IKBKGinhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase regulatory subunit gamma IL18interleukin 18 IL1Binterleukin 1 beta IL24interleukin 24 IRF1interferon regulatory factor 1 IRF3interferon regulatory factor 3 IRF9interferon regulatory factor 9 JAK1Janus kinase 1 JUNJun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit MAP2K3mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 MAP2K4mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 MAP2K6mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 MAP2K7mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 MAP3K7mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 MAPK1mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 MAPK10mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 MAPK11mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 MAPK12mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 MAPK13mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 MAPK14mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 MAPK3mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 MAPK8mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 MAPK9mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 MAVSmitochondrial antiviral signaling protein METAP2methionyl aminopeptidase 2 MYD88MYD88 innate immune signal transduction adaptor NFKB1nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 NFKB2nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2 NFKBIANFKB inhibitor alpha NFKBIBNFKB inhibitor beta NFKBIDNFKB inhibitor delta NFKBIENFKB inhibitor epsilon NLRP1NLR family pyrin domain containing 1 NLRP10NLR family pyrin domain containing 10 NLRP11NLR family pyrin domain containing 11 NLRP12NLR family pyrin domain containing 12 NLRP13NLR family pyrin domain containing 13 NLRP14NLR family pyrin domain containing 14 NLRP2NLR family pyrin domain containing 2 NLRP3NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 NLRP4NLR family pyrin domain containing 4 NLRP5NLR family pyrin domain containing 5 NLRP6NLR family pyrin domain containing 6 NLRP7NLR family pyrin domain containing 7 NLRP8NLR family pyrin domain containing 8 NLRP9NLR family pyrin domain containing 9 NPM1nucleophosmin 1 PDGFAplatelet derived growth factor subunit A PDGFBplatelet derived growth factor subunit B PDGFCplatelet derived growth factor C PDGFDplatelet derived growth factor D PDGFRBplatelet derived growth factor receptor beta PRKRAprotein activator of interferon induced protein kinase EIF2AK2 PYCARDPYD and CARD domain containing RELREL proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit RELARELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit RELBRELB proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit SP1Sp1 transcription factor STAT1signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 STAT2signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 STAT3signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 TAB2TGF-beta activated kinase 1 (MAP3K7) binding protein 2 TARBP2TARBP2 subunit of RISC loading complex TIRAPTIR domain containing adaptor protein TLR3toll like receptor 3 TLR4toll like receptor 4 TLR9toll like receptor 9 TNFtumor necrosis factor TNFRSF1ATNF receptor superfamily member 1A TP53tumor protein p53 TRAF3TNF receptor associated factor 3 TRAF6TNF receptor associated factor 6 TYK2tyrosine kinase 2
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