Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Recognition of Bacteria and Viruses
The innate immune system uses a variety of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize conserved microbial structures or pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as those that occur in the bacterial cell-wall components peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. PPRs are classified as:1)Membrane bound PRRs: These are referred to as toll-like receptors (TLRs). Eleven such receptors have been identified in mammals. TLRs are transmembrane receptors which use adapter proteins like TRAF6 and Myd88 to initate NF-κB and other signaling pathways that induce pro-inflammatory cytokines. 2)Extracellular PRRs: These include the complement proteins, pentraxins and collectins...
Pathway Summary
The innate immune system uses a variety of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize conserved microbial structures or pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as those that occur in the bacterial cell-wall components peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. PPRs are classified as:1)Membrane bound PRRs: These are referred to as toll-like receptors (TLRs). Eleven such receptors have been identified in mammals. TLRs are transmembrane receptors which use adapter proteins like TRAF6 and Myd88 to initate NF-κB and other signaling pathways that induce pro-inflammatory cytokines. 2)Extracellular PRRs: These include the complement proteins, pentraxins and collectins. These molecules respond to bacterial and viral triggers through the process of opsonization, phagocytosis and apoptosis. 3)Cytoplasmic PRRs: These include the NODs, NALPs and PKRs. NODs for example react to peptidoglycans by activating NF-κ, therefore inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. PKRs react by inhibiting translation as well as inducing proinflammatory cytokines.
Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Recognition of Bacteria and Viruses Genes list
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C1QAcomplement C1q A chain C1QBcomplement C1q B chain C1QCcomplement C1q C chain C3complement C3 C3AR1complement C3a receptor 1 C5AR1complement C5a receptor 1 CASP1caspase 1 CCL5C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 CD40LGCD40 ligand CD70CD70 molecule CLCF1cardiotrophin like cytokine factor 1 CLEC7AC-type lectin domain containing 7A CNTFciliary neurotrophic factor CREB1cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 CSF2colony stimulating factor 2 CXCL8C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 EDAectodysplasin A EIF2AK2eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2 EIF2S1eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha FASLGFas ligand IFIH1interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 IFNA1interferon alpha 1 IFNA14interferon alpha 14 IFNA21interferon alpha 21 IFNA4interferon alpha 4 IFNA5interferon alpha 5 IFNA8interferon alpha 8 IFNB1interferon beta 1 IFNGinterferon gamma IFNKinterferon kappa IFNW1interferon omega 1 IL10interleukin 10 IL11interleukin 11 IL12Ainterleukin 12A IL12Binterleukin 12B IL13interleukin 13 IL15interleukin 15 IL17Ainterleukin 17A IL17Binterleukin 17B IL17Cinterleukin 17C IL17Dinterleukin 17D IL17Finterleukin 17F IL18interleukin 18 IL1Ainterleukin 1 alpha IL1Binterleukin 1 beta IL1F10interleukin 1 family member 10 IL2interleukin 2 IL21interleukin 21 IL25interleukin 25 IL3interleukin 3 IL31interleukin 31 IL33interleukin 33 IL36Ainterleukin 36 alpha IL36Binterleukin 36 beta IL36Ginterleukin 36 gamma IL37interleukin 37 IL4interleukin 4 IL5interleukin 5 IL6interleukin 6 IRF3interferon regulatory factor 3 IRF7interferon regulatory factor 7 LEPleptin LIFLIF interleukin 6 family cytokine LTAlymphotoxin alpha LTBlymphotoxin beta MAP2K4mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 MAPK1mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 MAPK10mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 MAPK12mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 MAPK14mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 MAPK3mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 MAPK8mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 MAPK9mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 MAVSmitochondrial antiviral signaling protein MBL2mannose binding lectin 2 MYD88MYD88 innate immune signal transduction adaptor NFKB1nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 NFKB2nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2 NLRC4NLR family CARD domain containing 4 NLRP3NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 NOD1nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 1 NOD2nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2 OAS12'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 OAS22'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 2 OAS32'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 3 OSMoncostatin M PIK3C2Aphosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 2 alpha PIK3C2Bphosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 2 beta PIK3C2Gphosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 2 gamma PIK3C3phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 PIK3CAphosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha PIK3CBphosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta PIK3CDphosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta PIK3CGphosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma PIK3R1phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 PIK3R2phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 PIK3R3phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 PIK3R4phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 PIK3R5phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 PIK3R6phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 PLCG2phospholipase C gamma 2 PRKCAprotein kinase C alpha PRKCBprotein kinase C beta PRKCDprotein kinase C delta PRKCEprotein kinase C epsilon PRKCGprotein kinase C gamma PRKCHprotein kinase C eta PRKCIprotein kinase C iota PRKCQprotein kinase C theta PRKCZprotein kinase C zeta PRKD1protein kinase D1 PRKD3protein kinase D3 PTX3pentraxin 3 RELREL proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit RELARELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit RELBRELB proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit RIPK2receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 RNASELribonuclease L SYKspleen associated tyrosine kinase TGFB1transforming growth factor beta 1 TGFB2transforming growth factor beta 2 TGFB3transforming growth factor beta 3 TICAM1toll like receptor adaptor molecule 1 TLR1toll like receptor 1 TLR2toll like receptor 2 TLR3toll like receptor 3 TLR4toll like receptor 4 TLR5toll like receptor 5 TLR6toll like receptor 6 TLR7toll like receptor 7 TLR8toll like receptor 8 TLR9toll like receptor 9 TNFtumor necrosis factor TNFSF10TNF superfamily member 10 TNFSF11TNF superfamily member 11 TNFSF12TNF superfamily member 12 TNFSF13TNF superfamily member 13 TNFSF13BTNF superfamily member 13b TNFSF14TNF superfamily member 14 TNFSF15TNF superfamily member 15 TNFSF4TNF superfamily member 4 TNFSF8TNF superfamily member 8 TNFSF9TNF superfamily member 9 TRAF6TNF receptor associated factor 6
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